Others have found no differences between expanding and equally spaced conditions e. When and why expanding retrieval practice enhances longterm. Similarly, gradually increasing the intervals between retrieval attempts. Optimizing retrieval practice has been assumed, on the basis of evidence and arguments tracing back to landauer and bjork 1978, to require an expandinginterval schedule of successive retrievals. Object retrieval with large vocabularies and fast spatial matching james philbin1, ond. Effects of expanding and equal spacing 1 this is an electronic version of an article to be published in studies in second language acquisition. This cited by count includes citations to the following articles in scholar. With regard to retrieval processes, bjork 1975 puts forward that. More specifically, in the context of the retrieval practice paradigm, we assume.
Answering multiplechoice questions with competitive alternatives can enhance performance on a later test, not only on questions about the information previously tested, but also on questions about related information not previously testedin particular, on questions about information pertaining to the previously incorrect alternatives. All items were repeated and then recalled on a later test. Retrieval strategies assign a measure of similarity between a query and a document. Is expanded retrieval practice a superior form of spaced retrieval. These strategies are based on the common notion that the more often terms are found in both the document and the query, the more relevant the document is deemed to be to the query. When the retrieval buffer is full, the rows are processed and the buffer is reused.
Equal spacing and expanding schedules in childrens. Specifically, we assume that retrieval cues activate both target and nontarget items in memory, creating competition, which requires that the items causing that competition be suppressed or inhibited. Outdated information needs to be archived dynamically. Full text views reflects the number of pdf downloads. Intricacies of spaced retrieval washington university in st. The effect of uniform versus expanding retrieval practice on the recall of physiology information. Cognitive psychology research on learning and memory is replete with examples of how performance depends on retrieval conditions e. Long term assessment of word retrieval as a memory modi. Bjork 2011 showed that relearning information that was impaired as a consequence of retrieving other competitive information i. When and why expanding retrieval practice enhances longterm retention. Optimizing retrieval practice has been assumed, on the basis of evidence and arguments tracing back to landauer and bjork 1978, to require an expandinginterval schedule of successive retrievals, but recent findings suggest that expanding retrieval practice may be inferior to uniforminterval retrieval practice.
In fact, several studies have demonstrated conditions in which an. Possible treatment targets include the use of compensatory strategies for swallowing, safe transfer techniques, the names of caregivers, and the use of memory aids e. Kornell n hays m j bjork r a 2009 unsuccessful retrieval attempts enhance from physiol 201 at university of michigan. Aug 15, 2014 answering multiplechoice questions with competitive alternatives can enhance performance on a later test, not only on questions about the information previously tested, but also on questions about related information not previously testedin particular, on questions about information pertaining to the previously incorrect alternatives. Forgetting as a consequence and enabler of creative thinking benjamin c. Very recent research provides evidence for a substantial advantage of expanding the retrieval interval when material is highly susceptible to forgetting or when intervening material is processed between testing events storm, bjork.
Retrieval practice over the long term computer science university. Retrieving information from memory makes that information more recallable in the future than it otherwise would have been. Optimizing retrieval practice has been assumed, on the basis of evidence and arguments tracing back to landauer and bjork 1978, to require an expandinginterval schedule of successive retrievals, but recent findings suggest that expanding retrieval practice may be. Online edition c2009 cambridge up stanford nlp group.
When and why expanding retrieval practice enhances. The development of word retrieval abilities in the. Online edition c 2009 cambridge up an introduction to information retrieval draft of april 1, 2009. Consistent with this idea, it is not the weaker, but the stronger items that are more impaired by rif e. Apr 18, 2014 optimizing retrieval as a learning event.
Some of these strategies employ counter measures to alleviate problems that. The database retrieval buffer is a server buffer, per database, that holds extracted row data cells before they are evaluated. Optimizing computerbased second language vocabulary learning 1. Optimizing retrieval practice has been assumed, on the basis of evidence and arguments tracing back to landauer and bjork 1978, to require an expandinginterval schedule of successive retrievals, but recent findings suggest that expanding retrieval practice may be inferior to uniforminterval retrieval practice when memory is tested after a. A comparison of adaptive and fixed schedules of practice. Studies in second language acquisition is available.
Information retrieval is become a important research area in the field of computer science. Contextual interference effects on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of a motor skill. Information retrieval ir is generally concerned with the searching and retrieving of knowledgebased information from database. Optimizing multiplechoice tests as tools for learning. Others have found no differences between expanding. Pdf on the durability of retrievalinduced forgetting. Kornell n hays m j bjork r a 2009 unsuccessful retrieval. Pdf on the durability of retrievalinduced forgetting researchgate. Information retrieval clinicians need highquality, trusted information in the delivery of health care. Is expanding retrieval a superior method for learning text materials. When and why expanding retrieval practice enhances longterm retention robert a.
When moving to a new place or into a new job, a persons memory will have to adjust to the new situation by making the new. The third retrieval may likely be successful after an even longer interval because success on the second retrieval can further strengthen memory. In this paper, we represent the various models and techniques for information retrieval. Multiplechoice testing as a desirable difficulty in the. Expanding retrieval practice landauer and bjork 1978 were the first to compare the efficacy of various schedules of retrieval practice. Retrieval tools such as the essbase retrieval wizard and the report writer use this buffer. Desirable difficulties and studying in the region of proximal learning. Information must be organized and indexed effectively for easy retrieval, to increase recall and precision of information retrieval. Spaced retrieval can help people with cognitive deficits learn to retain important information by cementing the information in the procedural memory system. Advantages documents are ranked in decreasing order of their probability if being relevant disadvantages the need to guess the initial seperation of documents into relevant and nonrelevant sets. In one experiment, their subjects studied first namelast name pairs once, followed by a practice phase in which they made three. Detrimental, neutral, and bene cial e ects on nonretrieved items since anderson, bjork, and bjork s 1994 seminal work on retrieval induced forgetting, numerous studies in the literature have shown that selective retrieval of some studied items can impair recall of nonretrieved items.
Object retrieval with large vocabularies and fast spatial. Improving student learning through the use of classroom quizzes. An example with meaningful materials comes from classic research by anderson and pichert 1978. More recently, storm, bjork, and storm 2010 demonstrated that whether expanding or equalinterval retrieval practice was superior in a particular situation depended critically on the rate of forgetting of the toberemembered material. Optometric education association of schools and colleges. Although retrievalinduced forgetting has been explored in many ways and with many materials, most research have employed some variant of the retrievalpractice paradigm developed by anderson, bjork, and bjork 1994. Do learners predict a shift from recency to primacy with.
The ones marked may be different from the article in the profile. Pdf on the transfer of prior tests or study events to. Mem cogn do learners predict a shift from recency to primacy with delay. Effects of repetition as a function of studyphase retrieval. Expanding retrieval practice promotes shortterm retention, but equally spaced retrieval enhances longterm retention. Toppino, and michel magnin psychological science 2016 27. In this paradigm, illustrated in figure 1, participants first study a list of categoryexemplar pairs e. Optimizing computerbased second language vocabulary learning. Illusions of competence during study can be remedied by manipulations that enhance learners sensitivity to retrieval conditions. It is important to note, however, that expanding schedules are not guaranteed to always optimally promote longterm retention.
Additional evidence for the competitiondependent nature of rif comes from the research of anderson. Is retrieval success a necessary condition for retrieval. Forgetting as a consequence and enabler of creative thinking. Benjamin c storm phd university of california, santa cruz. Information retrieval systems bioinformatics institute. Three years of evidence from the columbia middle school project. While information retrieved or given retrieval practice becomes more recallable in the future than it would have been otherwisethe testing effect e. Pdf is retrieval success a necessary condition for. Optimizing retrieval as a learning event bjork learning and.
Bjork explains the interplay between storage strength and retrieval strength through a realworld example. Patel university of california, santa cruz four experiments examined the interplay of memory and creative cognition, showing that attempting to think of new uses for an object can cause the forgetting of old uses. Effects of expanding and equal spacing 1 this is an. An item can seldom if ever, be retrieved from memory without modifying the representation of that item in memory in. Examining the costs and benefits of inhibition in memory retrieval. Spaced repetition promotes efficient and effective. Landauer and bjork 1978 offered expanding retrieval practice.
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